Two Learning Styles for Learning Paired Associates

The alternative hypothesis, which would be the H1, is participants will recall significantly more paired associates from visual stimulus presentations than from auditory stimulus presentations. The null hypothesis, which is Ho, is participants will recall paired associates at not significantly different levels when visual and auditory presentations are compared. Method Sample Number of participants is at 22 but we had to reduce to eighteen data sets because participants were not here both days of the experiment. The age range is from nineteen to fifty-four, were the mean age is twenty-eight point five with a modal age at twenty-three. We had four males and fourteen females that participated. The ethnicity of the participants was nine, white/Caucasian, seven African Americans, and two Hispanic Americans. All participants in this study are in college. In the study there was two parts. Part one was a visual status where the visual acuity experimental materials is reported as normal. The second part was an auditory status where the auditory acuity for experimental materials is reported as normal. Materials The materials needed for this experiment, if you were a participant, are white paper and either a pen or pencil to write down what the participant thought the paired associate was. What the researcher needs is to have a paper with the paired associates written on it, to be able to read off of to the participants the paired associates he or she came up with for the auditoryShow MoreRelatedVerbal Learning1387 Words   |  6 PagesVerbal Learning Verbal Learning Verbal learning regard a series of processes that support learning thorough memorization. The construct of verbal learning involves learning and memory of data through repetition that is recalled in the forthcoming. Through the process of repetition one can learn serial, paired-associate, or free recall learning. Each process assists to reproduce data either freely learned or learned through arrangement of methods like Mnemonics. These processes valuableRead MoreAnalyzing The Basic Functioning Of A Neuron Beginning With Receiving Signals From Other Neurons Or Sense Organs1361 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame hotter. Name and describe the process of learning that took place. Be sure to use the correct terminology associated with all of the components involved in the process. For example, originally the sound of the toilet flushing was a (an)____________ and it later became a (an) __________ because of the process of learning. This is an illustration of classical conditioning. It is a learning style in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a potent stimulus, which causes the neutralRead MoreI Am A Conceptual Learner981 Words   |  4 Pagesthat no two persons are alike. Even identical twin are not alike because every single person learns, obtains, and processes information differently. All the variable and factors that contribute to learning makes it impossible for two people to have identical learning processes and levels. It is okay that people learn differently and it is okay that I may be a conceptual learner while my husband is a procedural learner because knowing that every single person has their own way of learning and knowRead MoreTheories And Research Studies Into Attachment1227 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween infant and caregiver may have influence throughout their lives. Two important learning theories of behaviourist perspective are classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936) experiments with dogs and operant conditioning (Thorndike’s and B.F Skinner). Classical conditioning is learning that occurs trough association can be defined as a type of learning in which a conditioned stimulus (sound of a bell, Pavlov) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to evoke a response. In the earlyRead MoreLearning : A Whole New World Of Opportunities Up1251 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young,† Henry Ford famously said. Within this quote he exemplifies the importance of learning and implies how people tend to lose the drive in their later years. It is extremely important that people continue growing and evolving in their education throughout their life. To be educated opens a whole new world of opportunities up. An education does not mean only going to school, taking tedious notesRead MoreHow The Cell Affects The Brain Of The Nervous System1193 Words   |  5 Pageswater became hotter. Name and describe the process of learning that to ok place. Be sure to use the correct terminology associated with all of the components involved in the process. For example, originally the sound of the toilet flushing was a (an)____________ and it later became a (an) __________ because of the process of learning. This is an example of classical conditioning. It is a learning style in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a potent stimulus, which causes the neutral stimulusRead MoreJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1048 Words   |  5 Pages(APA) in 1915 and was honored by the APA with a gold medal shortly before his death in 1958 (Good Therapy). School of Psychology Watson established behaviorism in the school of psychology (About Education). Behaviorism is defined as the theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, whether intentional or not (About Education). This famous quote by John Watson sums up behaviorism: â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified worldRead MoreAbercrombie and Fitch Brand Marketing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagessexuality in its advertising is not the real question; rather, it is whether or not it is ethical for Abercrombie to use classical conditioning to program society in a manner that forces consumers to associate uncontrolled desires with a basic brand of clothing. This company has successfully associated two things which are the antithesis of one another: clothing and nudity. Abercrombie and Fitch maintains its outstanding competitive advantage with its unparalleled marketing tactics. No firmRead MoreBasic Concepts Of Calorie Control851 Words   |  4 Pagesand nutrition, it would be most beneficial to cover the three topics of; Calorie control, How to read and understand a nutrition label, and lastly dietary choices are the third most influential life-style habit for health. The single most important aspect of living a healthier lifestyle would be learning to control calories. If trying to influences ones health habits this would be the single most important concept for them to take away. Calorie balance accounts for sixty percent of having a healthyRead MoreEssay about Definitions of Learning Styles1858 Words   |  8 PagesDefinitions of Learning Styles Although learning style may be simply defined as the way people come to understand and remember information, the literature is filled with more complex variations on this theme. James and Gardner (1995), for example, define learning style as the complex manner in which, and conditions under which, learners most efficiently and most effectively perceive, process, store, and recall what they are attempting to learn (p. 20). Merriam and Caffarella (1991) present

The Civil Military Dialogue Is The Most Critical Component...

Arguably, civil-military dialogue is the most critical component of strategic art as it serves to build trust and create shared understanding. High levels of trust and understanding facilitate the matching of strategy to policy while forming the guiding logic that underpins the chosen theory of victory. Furthermore, candid and continuous dialogue facilitates reassessment and redirection when prewar plans fail to meet wartime realities. Without candid and iterative discourse, the result is nothing less than friction on one hand, and the unanticipated consequences of ill-conceived objectives on the other. Indeed, limited war is difficult, and as such, it places a heavy strain on civil-military relations. The root cause of this friction, centers on the military’s preference for overwhelming victories and a professional education that is less than adequate to negotiate the demands of the strategic environment. The discussion begins with a theoretical underpinning of civil-military relations in limited war before turning to the root causes of friction, and the ways to best manage them. Carl von Clausewitz counsels that â€Å"The first, the supreme, the most far-reaching act of judgement that the statesman and commander have to make is to establish by that test the kind of war on which they are embarking; neither mistaking it for, nor trying to turn it into, something that is alien to its nature.† The â€Å"test,† which Clausewitz refers, focuses on the relationship between the politicalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Profession of Arms11066 Words   |  45 PagesThe preeminent military task, and what separates [the military profession] from all other occupations, is that soldiers are routinely prepared to kill†¦in addition to killing and preparing to kill, the soldier has two other principal duties†¦some soldiers die and, when they are not dying, they must be preparing to die. James H. Toner, True Faith and Allegiance: The Burden of Military Ethics Section 1 – The Army’s Dual Organizational Character The start point for our dialogue must be the purposeRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesworld. Though the world has changed over the past sixty years and continues to change at an ever increasing rate, UNESCO’s mission - a commitment to promoting universal values of peace and nonviolence, human rights and social justice, intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding – persists with growing urgency. UNESCO’s approach to educating for peace is multidimensional, in that it links education with a range of activities that address the root causes of violence, from human security to sustainableRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthe academic, of course, but also those of the profession and the wider public sphere. Ever helpful to regulators, the senior civil service, and international agencies, Michael Bromwich is respected for the ways in which he can combine conceptual understandings with pra gmatic insights. He has been sought out to provide that extra element of conceptual clarity for the most complex of practical accounting endeavours. No doubt such abilities reflect Michael’s early grounding in both the practice ofRead MoreFedex - Management Case Study9964 Words   |  40 Pagesexecutive jets. His idea was to provide overnight delivery of small, high-value items, such as Pharmaceuticals, aerospace components, and computer parts. An avid pilot. Smith had chosen the Falcons because they best satisfied the constraints the business had to work under. To be successful, the business had to be free to change its routes and schedules frequently and readily. Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) regulations on air cargo at the time, however, did not permit this degree of flexibility. ConsequentlyRead MoreA Study On A Culture Of Peace10177 Words   |  41 PagesDemocratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda w ere engaged in one or more conflicts in 2012 (UCDP, 2015). These violent conflicts occurred and were aggravated due to various reasons. Most of the sources of these conflicts are related to the problems of equality, justice, good governance, freedom, identity, human rights, cooperation and the utilization of scarce resources. These sources of violence ignite the development of some characteristicsRead MoreRole of Media in Tourism9761 Words   |  40 Pagesthere   are   areas   where   Africa’s   competitiveness  in  sustainable  tourism  development  can  be  identified  and  strengthened.   Training,   capacity   building,   research   and   infrastructure   development   and   good   governance  based  on  gender  equity  are  critical  for  Africa’s  competitiveness  in  the  global   scene.  Media  communications  would  ensure  that  the  African  region  has  access  to  quality   information   through   public   awa reness   campaigns   based   on   development   communication   theories   where   all   the  Read MoreThe Role of Network the Impact of Information Technology on Business Strategy Development in Construction Companies30104 Words   |  121 Pagesstrategies .............................................................................................. 14 Figure 6: Seven strategic fields of corporate strategy ................................................................... 16 Figure 7: The IT Infrastructure Pyramid ....................................................................................... 16 Figure 8: Strategic alignment model ............................................................................................. 22 FigureRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreGe Honeywell23318 Words   |  94 Pagesthe Commission was far from compelling. (iii) The deal may have involved significant efficiencies that were overlooked. These observations raise the suspicion that the Commission’s decision may have been affected by bureaucratic capture, such that civil servants did not follow the mandate that had been assigned to them. We find that the procedure enforced at the time was vulnerable to capture and that the Commission had an incorrect perception of the standard of review that the Court would apply toRead MoreAzerbaijans Tourism Industry12172 Words   |  49 Pagesthe Republic of Azerbaijan occupies a critical juncture between central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Despite some significant challenges, Azerbaijan currently enjoys a healthy petroleum-based economy that is being increasingly diversified by the public and private sectors to promote travel and tourism in this ancient land that enjoys a modern i nfrastructure and a wide range of cultural-heritage tourism destinations. Although many of the countrys most widely acclaimed destinations for international

The Art of Slow Reading Free Essays

The art of slow reading Patrick Kingsley If you’re reading this article in print, chances are you’ll only get through half of what I’ve written. And if you’re reading this online, you might not even finish a fifth. These are the two findings from two recent research projects, which both suggest that many of us no longer have the concentration to read articles through to their conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Slow Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem doesn’t just stop there: academics report that we are becoming less attentive book-readers, too. So are we getting stupider? Is that what this is about? Sort of. According to The Shallows, a new book by technology sage Nicholas Carr, our hyperactive online habits are damaging the mental faculties we need to process and understand lengthy textual information. Round-the-clock news feeds leave us hyperlinking from one article to the next – without necessarily engaging fully with any of the content; our reading is frequently interrupted by the ping of the latest email; and we are now absorbing short bursts of words on Twitter and Facebook more regularly than longer texts. Because of the internet, we have become very good at collecting a wide range of information, but we are also gradually forgetting how to sit back, contemplate, and relate all these facts to each other. Still reading? You’re probably in a dwindling minority. But no matter: a literary revolution is at hand. First we had slow food, then slow travel. Now, those campaigns are joined by a slow-reading movement – a disparate bunch of academics and intellectuals who want us to take our time while reading, and re-reading. They ask us to switch off our computers every so often and rediscover both the joy of personal engagement with printed texts, and the ability to process them fully. Lancelot Fletcher, the first present-day author to popularise the term â€Å"slow reading†, argues that slow reading is not so much about unleashing the reader’s creativity, as uncovering the author’s. And while Fletcher used the term initially as an academic tool, slow reading has since become a more wide-ranging concept. Slow reading, like slow food, is now, at root, a localist idea which can help connect a reader to his neighbourhood. Slow reading is a community event restoring connections between ideas and people. The continuity of relationships through reading is experienced when we borrow books from friends; when we read long stories to our kids until they fall asleep. But our era’s technological diarrhea is bringing more and more slow readers to the fore. Keith Thomas, the Oxford history professor, is one such reader. He doesn’t see himself as part of a wider slow community, but has nevertheless recently written about his bewilderment at the hasty reading techniques in contemporary academia. â€Å"I don’t think using a search engine to find certain key words in a text is a substitute for reading it properly,† he says. â€Å"You don’t get a proper sense of the work, or understand its context. † â€Å"The words of the writer,† suggests sage Nicholas Carr, â€Å"act as a catalyst in the mind of the reader, inspiring new insights, associations, and perceptions. And, perhaps even more significantly, it is only through slow reading that great literature can be cultivated in the future. As Carr writes, â€Å"the very existence of the attentive, critical reader provides the spur for the writer’s work. It gives the author the confidence to explore new forms of expression, to blaze difficult and demanding paths of thought, to venture into uncharted and some times hazardous territory. † The internet is probably part of the problem. It accustoms us to new ways of reading and looking and consuming. It fragments our attention span in a way that’s not ideal if you want to read. The real issue with the internet may be that it erodes, slowly, one’s sense of self, one’s capacity for the kind of pleasure in isolation that reading has, since printed books became common, been standard. What’s to be done, then? Most slow readers realise that total rejection of the web is extremely unrealistic, but many felt that temporary isolation from technology was the answer. Some people have advocated turning their computer off for one day a week. But, given the pace at which most of us live, do we even have time? Some people think the iPad might just be the answer. It’s pleasant and fun, and doesn’t remind people of work. But, for the true slow reader, there’s simply no substitute for particular aspects of the paper book: the binding of a book captures an experience or idea at a particular space and time. And even the act of storing a book is a pleasure. Personally, I’m not sure I could ever go offline for long. Even while writing this article I was flicking constantly between sites, skimming too often, absorbing too little; internet reading has become too ingrained in my daily life for me to change. I read essays and articles not in hard copy but as PDFs, and I’m more comfortable churning through lots of news features from several outlets than just a few from a single print source. I suspect that many readers are in a similar position. But if, like me, you just occasionally want to read more slowly, help is at hand. You can download a computer application called Freedom, which allows you to read in peace by cutting off your internet connection. Or if you want to remove adverts and other distractions from your screen, you could always download offline reader Instapaper for your iPhone. If you’re still reading, that is. How to cite The Art of Slow Reading, Papers

Unemployment in Europe Its Impact in the Future o Essay Example For Students

Unemployment in Europe: Its Impact in the Future o Essay f Europe Unemployment is currently one of the biggest challenges facing the European Union. The fight against unemployment is an essential question that the European Union has to encounter in the short term. Todays unemployment problem represents the most significant worry of the European Union citizen. Unemployment is the greatest disturbance of the European economy. Approximately 18 million of its people are out of work, an average unemployment rate of 10. 6%. For instance, in France and Spain, the latest rates are 12.6% and 19.9% respectively. More women are unemployed than men. Youth unemployment is twice as high as the average. Almost 6 million people have been out of work for more than two years. Employment initiatives of the EU Because of the need to pursue solutions to the unemployment alarm, the European Commission called for a special employment summit of heads of state in late November. The European Commission wants to adopt lots of targets for the next five years. Under the form of employment guidelines, it wants to increase the employment rate from 60% to 65%; create 12 million new jobs; cut the unemployment rate to 7%; raise the proportion of the unemployed who are offered training from the current EU average of 10% towards the average of the three best-performing member states -that is, above 25%; and reduce the number of people who drop out of the education system by half within a period of five years. The commission wants to switch some of the $221 billion spent every year on unemployment benefits to active labor-market policies; cutting the overhead and tax costs of employing workers; and encouraging more adaptable forms of contract. Furthermore, the Commission is calling for a reversal of the long term trend towards higher taxes and charges on labor, which have increased from 35% in 1985 to more than 42% in 1995. The commission considers the possibility of increasing the growth of part-time work, which has been responsible for all of Europes net job gains in the past six years and now accounts for 16% of the European Unions total employment. At the same time, the commission wants part-timer employees to enjoy the same security and benefits as full-time workers, a sure formula that has reduced the number of part-time jobs created. Regarding taxation, the commission recommends reducing taxes on labor, which have risen from an effective rate of 35% in 1981 to 42% today. Yet rather than just cutting the total tax burden, which Europe badly needs, it suggests offsetting such reductions with higher taxes on energy and capital that could well raise unemployment. Germanys unemployment trend compared to other EU members In 1989, the then West Germanys rate of unemployment was only 5.6 per cent. This was fractionally above the 5.2 per cent of the US. It was well below the European Unions average of 8.7 per cent, the UKs 7.2 per cent, the French 9.4 per cent, Italys 10. 9 per cent and Spains 16.9 per cent. In 1996, Germanys unemployment rate was 9 percent. This was still below Italys 12 per cent, Frances 12.4 per cent and Spains 22.2 per cent. But it contrasts unfavorably with the 5.4 per cent of the US and even with the 8.2 per cent of the UK. The German unemployment rate is recently at 11.2 per cent of the labor force. Western Germany jobless rate is 9. 5% while in eastern Germany the rate is 18.2 per cent. Because of the difficulties of German unification, Germanys job performance seems to be appropriate. However a justification, although probable, does not change the truth that the country needs more jobs, but has failed to provide them. Following unification what Germany needed was a surge in labor-absorbing growth. Rather, what has happened, has been a decline in employment in both eastern and western Germany. .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 , .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .postImageUrl , .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 , .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:hover , .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:visited , .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:active { border:0!important; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:active , .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0 .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e6d3ad7ecc6142158251fe5de54d5a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Down Syndrome Essay Blame for the eastern failure lies with the decision to translate western labor practices into east Germany. For instance, pressure for wage equalization has pushed compensation per employee to some 70 per cent of western levels. Given low productivity, unit labor costs are 30 per cent higher in eastern manufacturing than in the west, making the east the most expensive location in the world. Common recommendations As the German president, Roman Herzog, said at the European Forum in Berlin, Europe has to break out of the cycle of sluggish economic growth and high unemployment by adopting policies that encourage entrepreneurial and technological dynamism. that .

Environmental Issues and Management

Free Essays on Soldiers Moral

War is something that no one wants much less experience what it’s like to be on the front line away from family and friends. These are one of the many problems the military have to deal with when soldiers have to be away from home for an extended period of time. To help soldiers deal with the pressures of been away from home the military have constructed two programs that tend to the recreational needs of all civilians and military employed. They are the United Service Organization (USO) and Moral, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR). The USO is a nonprofit origination that is not part the U.S. government but is endorse by the President of the United States and the Department of Defense. The USO rely the donations from soldiers, the public and sponsors to found events and entertainment for soldiers. In support of Operation Iraqi Freedom the USO have been in full support of soldiers who returning from Iraq on R&R leave and redeploying. For soldiers on R&R leave they provide free computers with internet access, refreshments, snacks and any to make the journey back home as comfortable as possible. They also provide 24 hour satellite television, dozens of free movies to borrow, board games and video games, a large selection of books for those who enjoy reading , and free hygiene products that are donated. The MWR as provided phones and computers with web cams to keep in contact with loved ones, playstations and games to use, books, satellite television so sporting events and world news can be viewed 24 hours. In addition to help boost moral, state of the art gym facilities with the best equipment to use, volleyball courts, basketball courts, yoga classes and step aerobic classes are given by service members in their spear time and concerts are organized for celebrities to perform.... Free Essays on Soldiers' Moral Free Essays on Soldiers' Moral War is something that no one wants much less experience what it’s like to be on the front line away from family and friends. These are one of the many problems the military have to deal with when soldiers have to be away from home for an extended period of time. To help soldiers deal with the pressures of been away from home the military have constructed two programs that tend to the recreational needs of all civilians and military employed. They are the United Service Organization (USO) and Moral, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR). The USO is a nonprofit origination that is not part the U.S. government but is endorse by the President of the United States and the Department of Defense. The USO rely the donations from soldiers, the public and sponsors to found events and entertainment for soldiers. In support of Operation Iraqi Freedom the USO have been in full support of soldiers who returning from Iraq on R&R leave and redeploying. For soldiers on R&R leave they provide free computers with internet access, refreshments, snacks and any to make the journey back home as comfortable as possible. They also provide 24 hour satellite television, dozens of free movies to borrow, board games and video games, a large selection of books for those who enjoy reading , and free hygiene products that are donated. The MWR as provided phones and computers with web cams to keep in contact with loved ones, playstations and games to use, books, satellite television so sporting events and world news can be viewed 24 hours. In addition to help boost moral, state of the art gym facilities with the best equipment to use, volleyball courts, basketball courts, yoga classes and step aerobic classes are given by service members in their spear time and concerts are organized for celebrities to perform....

Non Verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non Verbal Communication - Essay Example Examples of non-verbal communication are with the inclusion of eye contact, vocal nuance, gestures, intonation, facial expressions, proximity, glance, smell, posture, and sounds among others. From a broader perspective non-verbal language is divided into two kinds. These are; those non-verbal messages that are generated from the body and the non-verbal messages that emanate from the broad setting like space, time and silence. This communication form is a major factor of the vital factors of communication and it is highly essential in high-context cultures. (andrews.edu, 2011) Merits of Non-verbal Communication Applications of this communication kind are numerous and several are mentioned in this aforementioned website. These include the use of non-verbal communication to accent verbal messages, repeat verbal messages, regulate interactions, substitute verbal messages, and complement verbal messages. Accenting may refer to the utilisation of non-verbal communication like verbal tones. One can repeat verbal messages in a non-verbal way like frowning to show disgust. Regulation of interactions may refer to the scenario where non-verbal cues may be used to indicate to a person when they should speak or stop speaking. Substituting of verbal communication may applicable in situations like a noisy environment that blocks verbal communication resulting to usage of gestures to pass on messages. Lastly, complementing may be a situation like the usage of hand gestures to stress points that have been communicated verbally. (andrews.edu, 2011) Non-verbal communication is very vital. In actual sense it came into use before verbal communication. It is actually referred to as silent type of language which is normally not formally taught and which came into existence way before the invention of language. It is a universal kind of communication, though it may differ with certain cultures, apart from the persons that are autistic. According to Calero, in his book, non-verbal comm unication was in use way before the invention of formal spoken languages. In fact he puts it as thousands of years. Despite the fact that this form of communication has not had a lot of researchers interest, it has been in use by many populations across the globe as way of communicating attitudes, thoughts, notions and emotions. Despite its having been a major form of communication in the world for a long time, people have not taken time to research on the meanings portrayed by this form of communication as Calero puts it in his book. (Calero, 2005 pp1, 2) Non-verbal communication is very important in every day’s communication. Most people consider it as a form of distinct speech and that it is basically applied in the passing of the message of interpersonal relationships and emotion. Thus, it can be said to speak louder than words. However, it is very essential to note the fact that non-verbal communication has to go in tandem with speech or verbal forms of communication. Th ey cannot generally be separated, but artificially it is a possibility. By artificially, it means that use of non-verbal communication like gestures (such as hand gestures) may also be viewed as the usage of words as audible ways of sending messages. Non-verbal communication is, therefore, seen as a very integral part of the normal natural language that humans use. (nortonmedia.com, 2011) Negativities of Using Non-verbal Communication Various forms of non-verbal com

Misbeliefs about languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Misbeliefs about languages - Essay Example t in their language since the relational frame theory suggest that children naturally acquire their language through interaction with their own environment. â€Å"Skinner ( 1978 ) defined verbal behavior as any behavior on the speaker as reinforced through mediation of a listener who is trained by a verbal community so as to mediate such reinforcement† ( Hayes, et.al, 2001). Drawing from the post-skinner theories, it can be deducted that children learn through social interaction. Their own environment at home is enough to provide them with basic proficiency. For example, a toddler is usually taught by the parents to speak even baby words depending on the context of their culture. Later on, the parents are surprised by the ability of their children to speak some words that they haven’t taught. In fact, some homes are multi-lingual and children do not have a hard time acquiring a second or third language especially when it is frequently spoken at home. The second argument is that â€Å"the English language traces its ancestry back to Latin†. Again, this is a false statement since the roots of the English language is actually from Old English. History tells us that during the 5th century, the group of Anglo-Saxon settlers that invaded the eastern coast of Great Britain were the one s that brought this type of Old English. The modern English language cannot have its roots in Latin since it is considered a West Germanic language. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary cites the etymology of the word "English" which is actually derived from 12th century Old English  englisc  or  Engle, plural form  Angles. The English Club illustrates the historical development of the English language: These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Questions - Assignment Example Some of the differences between mitosis include but not limited to, mitotic cells divide once whereas meiotic cells divide twice. Mitosis results in cell replication as for meiosis, genetic recombination and production of reproductive cells being the sole aim. Mitosis doesn’t yield exact copies whereas meiosis does. Mitosis also gives rise to diploid cells while meiosis gives haploid cells. DNA crossover occurs only in meiosis (Armstrong, 2007). As for similarities, duplication of an organism’s genome takes place only once preceding any other duplication in both processes. There is the existence of metaphase plates, centrioles in both (Armstrong, 2007). Basic steps of division are the same for both. Mitosis and meiosis occurs both in eukaryotic cells. Finally, both represent reproduction processes. A wild population contains tall and short plants. In one cross, two parental tall plants yield all tall progeny. In another experiment, two short plants are crossed and all progeny are short (cross 2). In the third experiment (cross number 3), two different short plants from cross 2 are crossed and 23 tall progeny and 77 short progeny are observed. The F1 generation came about through selfing of F1 plants. While maintaining Mendel’s first law, law of segregation, where the gamete is formed when each member of the allelic get disjointed from their other member. Confirmation of accuracy of his law through selfing of F2 plants yielded all tall and short plants respectively (Tornqvist, 2006). This can be depicted using a Punnet square as depicted on the next

The Need Of Sound Information System Information Technology Essay

The Need Of Sound Information System Information Technology Essay Small to Medium Enterprise is an organization or business that only has a certain number of employees or revenues, different country has a different definition and standard for SME. In Singapore, SME need to have at least 30 per cent local equity and fixed productive assets not more than S$15 million and limit of only not more than 200 employees. In Australia, SME has a different category such as very small with only 1 to 9 employees, small with only 10 to 49 employees, medium with 50 to 149 employees and large with 150+ employees. Information in SME is a really important asset, the loss or damage in any pieces of information will damage the company really badly. Lose in competitive advantage, customers loyalty is the consequences that may happen and a company in SME could be out of business if an incident like that happened. Even though information security can be applied to all kind of business, but there are differences between SME and large company when applying security. SME and large company have a difference kind of challenges when applying security. SME does not have big budget like large company, fewer qualified security personnel and resources. Challenges for large enterprises are often because of their large size. They are difficult to track their users because they have a large number of users and sometimes they have a lot of branches in different locations to maintain. SME also has advantage compared to the large company, SME which has a smaller number of employees than large company has a lesser t hreat by insider attacks. One of the solutions for SME for security is outsourcing the security, but the problem occurred because of the price offered, some SMEs cannot afford the prices, so it comes again with the budget SME has. There is other solution offered to SME in security, some of the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) increasingly partnering with security vendors to offers SMEs standard security products. The need of sound information system. Information security management is a management that manages threats and risks to the organizations information; it is applicable for all type of organization, from large to small organization. Information security management includes personnel security, technical security, physical security, access control, business continuity management and many other things. The standard of the requirement of information security management is ISO 27001; it is one of the ISO 27000 families. With this, it can help to make the information more protected and clients will also feel secured. ISO 27001 helps to protect all kind of information, information in soft copy or hard copy and even in communication. There 3 important characteristics in Information security, Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Confidentiality ensures that only some authorized user may access the information, so different level of information can only be accessed by certain users. Integrity is a state where the information is complete, and uncorrupted. Availability ensures that the information is available whenever the authorized user accessed. Information security management is needed because now information is the most vital asset for almost all the organizations. A lot of consequences when the information is destroyed, stolen or corrupted and the consequences may be very dangerous or even make the organizations fall down. Personal information is also vital to the people itself and also to the company, if the company do not handle the information carefully, it will be dangerous to the company because personal information can also be customer information and when it is not secured, the customers can lost their trust to the company and the companys reputation will be affected also, these can also applied to the companys staffs. There is this case study where some companies in London experienced loss of electricity because there was a problem in the London power company. Because of the loss of electricity, some of the companies have their data corrupted and also systems crashed, these incidents made the companies loss their clients, clean corrupted data, re input the data which cost them more and closed the business. There are some of the topics that cover the information security management: Biometric security devices and their use Biometric Security is a tool to protect from intruder to access information but using part of the body to authenticate the authorized user instead of typing the password. The advantages are it cannot be borrowed or made and also it is more secured than inputting the password. Biometrics that is using physical body that is unique includes fingerprints, palm, retina, iris, and facial. For the behavioral characteristics include signature, voice, keystroke pattern and human motion. This is a list of biometric and its uses. Fingerprints recognition is a biometric where it identifies by scanning fingerprints and looks for the pattern found on a fingertip. There are different kinds of fingerprints verification, some of them using pattern-matching devices; comparing the scanned fingerprints from database, they are also using moirà © fringe patterns and ultrasonic. Palm recognition scan, measure the shape of the hand and look for the pattern on the palm. Some of the organizations use this for time and attendance recording. Retina recognition analyzing the layer of blood vessels located at the back of the eye. This biometric uses low intensity light and source through and optical coupler to look for patterns of the retina, so the user need to focus on a given point. Iris recognition analyze the colored ring of tissues surround the pupil by using conventional camera element and the users do not need to be close to the scanner. Face recognition analyses the facial cha racteristics and it requires digital camera to scan. Some organization like casino, scan for scam artists for quick detection. Some of the company even government also using biometric security. Fujitsu Ltd. is now making the company desktop computer to use a palm recognition, it is not using fingerprints because it said that palm recognition is more secured than fingerprint. They are using infrared to scan the users palm, they look for the pattern of the vein in the palm and because they use infrared, they can see them. This technology is already in use in more than 18000 bank ATMS in Japan. Germany stores a digital fingerprints and digital photos in to the passport to fight organized crime and international terrorism. Biometric may be more secured but research says biometric like fingerprint recognition can be accessed by unauthorized users also. There is this mathematician named Tsutomu Matsumoto, he use a $10 ingredients; gelatin and plastic mold to reproduce a portion of finger and in four of five attempts, he can accessed to 11 different fingerprints recognition systems. Incident response management and disaster recovery Incident response is an organized plan or procedures to handle and counter some threats like security breach or attack. Incident response plan includes a policy that discusses how to response to a certain threats, reduces recovery costs and time. Some of incident response goals are reduce the impact, prevent future incidents, verify that incident occurred, maintains Business Continuity, and improve security and incident response. There is incident response team in the organization that handles the incident response plan. Incident response team also needs another party in organization to help them, such as business managers, IT staff, legal department, human resources, public relations, security groups, audit and risk management specialists. Business managers make agreements with the team about their authority over business systems and decisions if critical business systems must be shut down. IT staff help the team to access the network for analysis purposes and improve security infrastructure if recommended by the team. Legal staffs need to review non-disclosure agreements and determine site liability for computer security incidents. Human resources help to hire the teams staff and develop policies and procedures for removing internal employees. Public relations help to handle the media and develop information-disclosure policies. Security groups help the team to solve issues involving computer. Audit and ris k management help to analyze threat. There are a several steps to response to the incident. First, the organization needs to prepare the staff by having the staff to do some training; they need to be trained to response to the incident quickly and correctly and also educates the staff to update the security regularly. The response team has to identify whether it is a security incident or not and the team can also find some information about the current threats. Response team need to identify how far the problem has affected the systems and decide faster by shut down the affected system to prevent further damage. Then they need to find the source of the incident and remove the source. After that they need to restored the data from clean backup files, monitor them and upgrading the systems to prevent the same incidents in the future. Mobile device security management Mobile devices the staffs use also need some kind of security because they can contain pieces of information about the company, it can be the customer or staff information but it can be some kind of soft copy of some reports or documents. Some of IT staffs need to use mobile devices like PDA or smart phone to make business data. Mobile devices may look secure, free of viruses and malwares but they are not. There are several threats to the mobile devices. Intruder can intrude the mobile devices and expose the information out of it through wireless network by using wireless sniffer. Mobile devices can also be stolen or lost and if the devices are not secured by putting a password, information can be dig out easily from the devices. Less than 500 mobile operating system viruses, worms and Trojans can be found. Mobile viruses can be a major threat, some of the viruses can clear the data; corrupt the data and several other problems. Viruses can intrude the devices when application downloaded to the devices. There is one virus called 911 Virus, this virus cause 13 million I-mode user in to automatically call Japans emergency phone number. E-mail viruses affect the devices the same as e-mail virus affect regular PC. It makes the devices to send multiple emails. There are ways to prevent the threat to happen. The easiest way is to put a password to the mobile devices, the password can only be attempted for a several times and if it failed, the devices will be automatically locked down. Using encryption techniques can help to protect intruder from intruding when exchanging data using wireless network. Back up the data regularly to PC if anything happens to the data. Install antivirus and putting a firewall into the devices can help to prevent viruses. Administrator can take control of the mobile device and also wipe the data on missing or stolen devices. Linking business objectives with security Linking business objectives with information security can be expensive process and risky. It can create frustration in both sides. There are several actions that can be used to improve both sides. Reflect the business objectives in information security; reflect them in information security policy, objectives and activities. Information security has to be consistent with the organizational culture, changing the culture of the business from information security is often not possible. Protect the information in business process by establish a security program. Follow the information security standard, following them will make the staff, customers and client feel that their data is safe. Increase the understanding of the need for security, security manager should explain the benefit of them by using business terms, so that everyone can understand more. Obtain the support from management; ensure that risk management is part of every staffs job description. The last thing is to use the res ources wisely. Spend more resources when the problems are really occurred. With this plan, both business and security can improve and successful. Ethical issues in information security management IT security personnel are given the authority to access data or information about the individuals and companies networks and system. With this authority, they might use it in a wrong way which mostly is intruding someones privacy for example, scanning employees email just for fun or even diverting the messages, read others email and even worse, they can blackmail the employee. The IT personnel can monitor the websites that visited by the network user, they can even place key loggers on machine to capture everything that is displayed. There is ethical issues called real world ethical dilemmas, it is where the IT security personnel happened to see the company secrets and may print the documents, it can be use to blackmail the company or even trade the information to the other company. They also may encounter where they see a document where it showed that the company do some illegal things. With this crucial information, the company is in danger, not only the company but also the security personnel themselves. There are ways to prevent the people in internet that want to intrude users privacy, one of the articles said that when the author access a website, he saw advertisement in the website and the ad said about an event and it takes place at the authors area, and so he tried to change the location of the computer and when he click the ad again, it shows a different area, area where the his computer set up, this kind of ad using the users IP address to track the user, so he figure it out by hiding or masking IP address using some software, this way, the user can protect their privacy effectively One article talked about how IT security personnel deal with sensitive information in right way, first thing to do if to check whether they have signed a non-disclosure agreement that required them to protect information that they overheard, if there are then protect it, second things to do is to ask themselves whether it is reasonable to the host company to expect them to hold such overheard conversation in confidence. If so, they should not spread the overheard information to anyone. Security training and education With many organizations are using internet, many users including unauthorized can access and dig out information. They need to train or educate their staff to protect organizations information by creating a system to secure the information from unauthorized users. Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) educates the staffs about how information security works, secure the information, and maintain the information safe and secured. Network security will have the staffs quickly respond to defend the attacks and have countermeasures. Following by investigate the weakness of the systems. It is not easy to protect network security which is why they need to be trained. CISSP education consists of learning about database security, how the intruders intrude the systems, and the right countermeasures for a certain attacks. There is a survey regarding the intrusion to the US companies, the unauthorized intrusions to their network increased 67% this year from 41% last year. The cause of intrusions mainly because of hacker attack, lack of adequate security policies, employee web usage, virus, employee carelessness, disgruntled employee, weak password policy, lack of software updates and software security flaw. IT managers also take part of the survey about which is the biggest intrusion in the future and they identified that viruses, spyware, Trojan, worms and spam are the biggest risk, followed by hacking, uneducated user about security, sabotage, and loss of information. A group called QinetiQ North Americas Mission Solution Group, it provide security education and training to the users but before they train their user, they need to identify individuals required training objectives, plan, develop and validate training materials and then they conduct an effective training to the personnel and at the end evaluate course effectiveness. Defending against Internet-based attacks Internet-based attacks can be very dangerous to the company; a research said companies are losing an average of $2 million in revenue from internet-based attacks which disrupt the business. The average of 162 companies said that they are suffered one crucial incident a year from worms, viruses, spyware or other security-related causes, and for each attack the systems were down an average of 22 hours. The threats will grow as the companies increase their use of internet. Defend against the internet-based attack can be done by using intrusion prevention and detection, they can detect the attack and the company can quickly defend against them. IDS will be looking for the characteristics of known attacks. IPS can recognize the content of network traffic and block malicious connection. Wireless intrusion prevention monitors the wireless networks, detect unauthorized access points and provide reporting and analysis. There are also basic things like firewalls and antivirus that can be used to defend and there are many things that can be used to defend these kinds of attacks. Industrial espionage and business intelligence gathering Incident response is an organized plan or procedures to handle and counter some threats like security breach or attack. Incident response plan includes a policy that discusses how to response to a certain threats, reduces recovery costs and time. Some of incident response goals are reduce the impact, prevent future incidents, verify that incident occurred, maintains Business Continuity, and improve security and incident response. There is incident response team in the organization that handles the incident response plan. Incident response team also needs another party in organization to help them, such as business managers, IT staff, legal department, human resources, public relations, security groups, audit and risk management specialists. Business managers make agreements with the team about their authority over business systems and decisions if critical business systems must be shut down. IT staff help the team to access the network for analysis purposes and improve security infrastructure if recommended by the team. Legal staffs need to review non-disclosure agreements and determine site liability for computer security incidents. Human resources help to hire the teams staff and develop policies and procedures for removing internal employees. Public relations help to handle the media and develop information-disclosure policies. Security groups help the team to solve issues involving computer. Audit and ris k management help to analyze threat. There are a several steps to response to the incident. First, the organization needs to prepare the staff by having the staff to do some training; they need to be trained to response to the incident quickly and correctly and also educates the staff to update the security regularly. The response team has to identify whether it is a security incident or not and the team can also find some information about the current threats. Response team need to identify how far the problem has affected the systems and decide faster by shut down the affected system to prevent further damage. Then they need to find the source of the incident and remove the source. After that they need to restored the data from clean backup files, monitor them and upgrading the systems to prevent the same incidents in the future. Governance issues in information security management Security governance is a system that directs and control information security. Governance itself means setting the objectives of the business and ensures them to achieve the objectives. There are several examples of governance issues, CEO of health south corporation said that more than 85 counts that include fraud and signing off on false corporate statements that overstated earning by at least US $1.4 billion. Senior vice president and CIO of the company with the 15 other plead guilty. Another incident happened in an Ohio-based company that handles payroll and other human resources functions on a contract business which is already bankrupt, and they left their 3000 staffs without paychecks and reportedly that the companys client list has been sold. Personnel issues in Information sec Personnel security focuses on the employees involving policies and procedures about the risks the employees accessing the company information and prevents them from taking it. Threats in organizations are not only from the outside but also from the inside, which can make severe damages and costs. There are ways to prevent this from happening. Pre-employment checks are an act where the company will check whether the candidates have the qualification for employment, this way they will know whether the candidates have revealed important information about themselves. National Security Vetting determines whether the candidate is suitable to be given the access to sensitive information which can be valuable to the rival company. This process is usually included in the pre-employment checks. There are also responsibilities for each of some roles that involved in personnel security. Director has to publish and maintain policy guidelines for personnel security, decide the security access requirements and ensure that all the employees have been checked on their background and trained. Information Security Officer prepares the personnel security policy, monitoring the policy, and ensures that all the staffs are trained in computer security responsibilities. Supervisor need to speak with the user about the securitys requirements, monitor the policy, ensures that all the staffs are trained in computer security responsibilities, informs ISO when the staffs access need to be removed, tracking the staffs accounts when they create or delete the account. System Security Officer monitor compliance with the security policy, have the authority to delete systems password if the employee no longer need access, tracking users and their authorizations. Users need to understand their respo nsibilities, use the information for only certain events, response quickly by informing the supervisor if there is intruder access the data and abused the information. Privacy issues in the company are also personnel issues. Organization is also responsible of the privacy of the staffs, because all the staffs records are kept in the organization. Personnel records cannot be seen by other staffs or outsider without the holders permission. Social Security Numbers are not allowed to become private password like email password. Eavesdropping needs to be limited, eavesdropping to the telephone conversation and voicemail are not allowed. Monitoring is allowed as long as the purpose is to keep the employees work, employees need to be informed early that they will be monitored. Medical records and background information are confidential; no one can access them without permission excluding the holders themselves. Physical security issues in Information security Physical security is a security that focuses on protecting the information, personnel, hardware and programs from physical threats. Threat that can cause a lot of damage to the enterprise or building is also things that need to be aware in physical security, for example, natural disaster, vandalism, and terrorism. Physical security can be intruded by a non technical intruder. There are a lot of ways to protect from physical threats. Security can be hardened by putting difficult obstacles for the intruder including multiple locks, fencing, walls and fireproof safes. Putting surveillances like heat sensors, smoke detectors, intrusion detectors, alarms and cameras. There are key areas that need to be focused on. In facility security, they are entry points, data center, user environments, access control and monitoring devices, guard personnel and also wiring closet. For the company staff and the visitor, they need to be focused on control and accountability, use of equipment, awareness, security procedure compliance. Workstations, servers, backup media, and mobile devices need to be protected. Control, storage and disposal of information also need to be focused on. Physical security also issues hospitality industries. Example of hospitality industries are resorts, hotels, clubs, hospitals and also many other things. Physical threats that occurred in these industries are mainly theft, followed by assault, burglary, auto theft, robbery and sexual assault. If these industries experience this kind of threats, the industries can contribute to poor public relations. Company like IBM also offers physical and IT security. IBM Internet security Systems (ISS) products secure IT infrastructure with threat and vulnerability management, enabling business continuity and cost-effective processes. IBM integrate video surveillance and analytic technologies, the products can help reduce time and cost to collect and store video and it also enable analysis of surveillance data. IBM also provide products for intrusion prevention, mail security; protection of messaging infrastructure, and also security intelligence which provide information about the threats that can affect the network. Cyber forensic incident response One of the primary objectives in incident response plan is to contain the damage, investigate what happen, and prevent it from happening again in the future. It is a bit the same as computer forensic because they need to reduce the damage and investigate the cause of it. By understanding how the data is accessed and stored can be the key to find the evidence that someone has tried to hide, erase, or destroy. The investigator needs to take care of their evidence, make sure that it is not lost, destroyed or changed.

History of the Remote Control: The Downfall of Western Civilization :: essays research papers fc

The History of the Remote Control: The Downfall of Western Civilization History of Technology Research Paper The typical American family has on average four remote controls in their household. Look around the room and count how many you have in your house. I count five in just this room alone, not including the wireless mouse and keyboard I am using right now to type this paper. Everyone has seen remote controls for televisions, VCRs, and stereos. However, can you imagine a remote control that can also control lights, the temperature, drapes, and even the front door lock! Remote controls have come along way since their first uses mainly for military purposes during WWI and WWII. There have been many different types of remote controls invented, some, which have helped society develop, and others that have led to our demise. Throughout this paper, you will learn about how the many different uses of remote controls have helped accomplish tasks once inconceivable by a human alone, but also have led western civilization into a â€Å"lazy† society. In addition, you will learn about the man who invented the first wireless remote control and other types of remotes used in modern day technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first remote controls used to operate machines by the German and United States military during WWI and WWII. During WWI, the German navy used radio-controlled motorboats to ram enemy ships. By WWII, the use of remote controls was beginning to be more of a worldwide concept, controlling bombs and other remote control weapons. The military has a lot of uses for remote controls but beginning in the late 1940’s, scientists in the United States began experiments to discover uses of the remote control for uses other then on the battlefield. One of them scientist, the famous, Robert Adler, holds patents for 180 electronic devices, but is best known for his contribution in the development of the remote control. The first television remote control, established in 1950 by the Zenith Electronics Corporation, which was then known as the Zenith Radio Corporation. The name given to the remote, â€Å"Lazy Bones,† is all the irony I need to have you understand the title of this paper. â€Å"Lazy Bones† used a cable that ran from the TV set to the person watching TV’s hand. A motor in the TV set controlled the tuner through the remote control. Of course, people liked the idea of not having to get up to change the channel, but there were many complaints concerning the cable that ran across the floor that everyone always tripped over.

Comparing Public School and Home School

If we are talking about schools, it seems like Public School and Home School don't sound so strange for us. Both of them are kind of schools which provide some benefits. They are all good schools. Although those schools are same good, as selective parents, you are supposed to be able to decide which school you should choose for your kids as a place where they continue their education. In deciding which school you will choose for your kids, you can consider the benefits your kids and your family will get from the school, the output you want your kids get after school, and many other things you should consider further.Truely, both Public School and Home School are means of education which help kids to achieve the goal of education, but those schools, Public School and Home School, have differences† (Pomadi,2007). First difference between Public School and Home School is about a question, † Who are in charge here? â€Å". In every school, including Public School and Home Sc hool, there are some people who are in charge of their students success in achieving education's aims. Who are the man in charge of Public School and Home School? In Public School, there are teachers, headmaster, and school staffs.They are people who are in charge of their students success in Public School. In the other side, people who are in charge of students success in Home School are not teachers, headmaster, or other staffs, but they are parents. In Home School, parents are the ones who are responsible for their kids success. Parents have important role in Home School, Just like teachers role in Public School. Second, if we are talking about differences between Public School and Home School, schedule will be one aspect that is quite different in Public School and Home School.The schedule in Home School is more flexible than schedule in Public School. In Home School, students (kids) can start their study whenever they want, for example, they can start to study at 8 a. m, 9 a. m , or whenever they are ready. They do not need to be afraid of being late because in Home School there is no specified time to start study (school). It is quite different from Public School where students have to be ready to study when the school bell rings at 7 a. m.Because of that, students of Public School have to come earlier to the school. It means that before 7 a. m they have to be ready in the school. In this case, if they come late, they will be punished by their teacher ecause 7 a. m is specified time where students have to be ready to study in Public School. In Public School, the schedule of subjects from Monday to Saturday change everyday. The schedule itself has been set by the school. Students have to obey and follow the schedule, and study the subjects based on the schedule given by the school.For example, on Monday they have Mathematic (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), Biology (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), English (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), and Civics (2Ãâ€"45 minutes) as their subjects, but on Tu esday they will have different subjects such as: Indonesian Language (2Ãâ€"45 inutes), Art (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), Geography (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), and Physics (2Ãâ€"45 minutes) as their subjects, and other different subjects in every different days. It is different from what we will find in Home School. If the student in Home school want to study English and Social Science for example, he/she will study those subjects that day.They will spend their time that day only to study those two subjects. How long he/she studies those subjects is not a big problem. Whether he/she will study English tor about 3 hours that day, or spend 2 hours to study about Social Science is up to him/ her. If the following day he/she still wants to study those subjects and he/she also wants to learn Mathematic as their additional subject that day, then he/she will get them again (English and Social Science), and learns Mathematic after those subjects finished. In Home School, this way is possible to do, but in P ublic School we cannot apply such way.So, that's why it is said that â€Å"the schedule in Home school is flexible† (Ensiklopedia,2011). Third, it is about uniform. In Public School, it is a must for the students to wear school uniform. If it is Elementary School, they wear white and red uniform. If it is Junior High School, they wear white and blue uniform. If it is Senior High School, they wear white and grey uniform. Their uniforms are usually two-piece; white shirt which is combined with skirt (for girls), or trousers (for boys), and sometimes in some Public Schools the uniforms are completed with tie.On the contrary, there is no certain rule for the students to wear uniform in Home School. There, they can wear shirt, T-shirt, skirt, trousers, or even Jeans are also permitted. They can wear everything they want as long as they feel comfortable wearing them when they are studying. Fourth, in Public School we know that one class is a big class that contains for about 30 to 40 students whereas the teacher who will conduct teaching and learning process in that class is only one in every subject. The opposite, there will only a teacher and a student who do teaching and learning process in Home School.Hence, the attention that the teacher can share to 30-40 students is really different from the attention that a teacher can give only for a student. Of course in Home School, a student will get 100% attention from his/her teacher, but in Public School teacher will try to share his/her attention to all his/her tudents as fair as he/she can. So, in this case, in Public School and Home School, the attention that the students can get from the teacher will totally different. Fifth is about curriculum. In Public School we cannot choose curriculum by ourselves. We just follow the curriculum which is used in that school.We also cannot choose subjects as we wish, because all subjects have been set by the school. This is different from Home School. In Home School we c an choose curriculum we want. We also can choose the subjects we want to learn and master them well. The subjects re usually adapted to the student needs. So, if we like to study Mathematic, and we want to master that subject than Science for example, we will spend more times to study that subject. If it is needed, we will reduce Science time or other subjects times, and use that times to learn more about Mathematic.The last is about some activities like flag ceremoney, Physical Education, and extra curricular. In Public School, we know that every Monday, all students, teachers, headmaster, and other school staffs hold flag ceremoney. It is a common ceremoney which is held by every Public School. Then, if we are talking about Physical Education in Public School, we will know that once in a week every students there have Physical Education on their schedule. Students learn to do some sports accompanied by their Physical Education teacher.One more thing is about extra curricular. We c an find such activitiy only in Public School. Usually, it is a must for every student to Join minimum 1 extra curricular that they are interested in. There are various kinds of extra curricular that students can choose in Public School, such as: football, dancing, badminton, music, as e all k tb , drawing, tennis, and so on. In Home School, however, we cannot tind such activities. There is no flag ceremoney in Home School every Monday, no Physical Education, and also no extra curricular.Thus, from the long explanation above, now we know that although Public School and Home School have the same function which is as means of education that can be used to help students to achieve education's aims, those schools still have some differences (Pomadi). Those differences can be seen from who take the responsible for the school, schedule system, uniform, umber of teacher and student in a class, curriculum, and the last is about some activities such as: flag ceremoney, Physical Education, and extra curricular.However, although those schools are different, they are still good schools which can create a well educated person who has high intelligentsia and civilized. Furthermore, after knowing the differences from those schools, we will be able to decide which one will be the best place that we will choose as a place for our kids to continue their education, because from those differences above, we will know some advantages and disadvantages of choosing one of those schools.

Ridleys sea turtle essays

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Estee Lauder Essay Example for Free

Estee Lauder Essay The company sells a variety of beauty and hair-care products and currently employs 31,300 people. Over the course of its lifetime, the company has bought or merged with many famous beauty brands. Some of the more recognizable companies that are a part of the Estee Lauder family include: Clinque, Aramis, La Mer, Origins, Bumble and Bumble, Aveda, and Bobbi Brown. In 2006, they were marketing their products to over 130 countries, and in September, they made agreements with the popular designers, Coach and Missoni, to create their fragrances. Also in 2006, Estee Lauder sold their makeup line, Stila, as it was not generating enough revenue. In 2007, they acquired Ojon, a popular Canadian hair-care company, but sold their Rodan + Field brands. Sales began growing tremendously in China and Russia and helped the company’s overall sales grow nine percent from the previous year. The company also announced that Frabrizio Freda, originally from Proctor and Gamble, would become their future president and chief operating officer starting in 2008. In 2008, Estee Lauder hired Omnicon Media Group’s M2M as their advertising agency in twelve different countries including places in Europe and Asia. During 2008 Estee Lauder also introduced their Time Zone Line and Wrinkle Reducing Moisturizers which were clinically proven to reduce the skin’s visible age. The company also opened up a brand new facility in Ontario for manufacturing and development. Situational Analysis: During the months of September, October, November, and December, Estee Lauder advertised the following products: Double Wear Lipstick, Advanced Night Repair, Double Wear Makeup SPF 10, Bold Volume Lifting Mascara, and Sensuous by Estee Lauder (perfume). The most popular items advertised were the Double Wear Lipstick, which ran three different magazine ads, and the Advanced Night Repair which was featured several times on the fourth cover page of magazines and in promotional company emails. Situational Analysis: The features of the Double Wear line include the option to choose liquid or powder makeup, the ability to create desired coverage, and a wide range of shades for every skin type. The advantages of the Double Wear line are the twelve to fifteen hour staying power and that makeup is comfortable to wear and silky smooth to the touch. The benefits of the Double Wear line are that the products contain SPF-10 and once the makeup is applied, there is no need for touchups. The features of the Advanced Night Repair are that it prevents future aging damage from occurring and it reduces damage that has already been done to skin. The advantages of the Advanced Night Repair include over twenty-five years of research behind the formula, Estee Lauder’s exclusive Chronolux Technology, and it has over 20 patents worldwide- so you can’t find it anywhere else. The benefits of Advanced Night Repair are the dramatic reduction in the visible signs of aging on the face. Estee Lauder sells a variety of beauty care products besides the ones that are advertised. They sell makeup for the face, eyes, and lips, along with tools such as makeup brushes, makeup remover, and nail polish. They also sell many skincare products for different needs, such as firming, age-prevention, anti-wrinkle, moisturizers, and the evening out of skin tone. They also have a luxury line called Re-Nutriv that contains an assortment of makeup and skincare that contain real gemstones within their formulas. Estee Lauder also sells fragrances for men and women. Many gift sets that contain a mixture of skincare, perfume, and makeup are also offered for reduced prices. Estee Lauder’s target market is defined by several categories, the broadest being females. This is due to the fact that most of Estee Lauder’s products are catered towards females. Since many of Estee Lauder’s products involve anti-aging, their customer should be interested in preserving their youth; therefore, the target market age is a more mature woman, in her thirties or older. The income of these women can range from average to a high income, as the prices of their products range from $20 to $1000. Two consumer categories from VALS II that describe the Estee Lauder target market are Achievers and Actualizers. Achievers want premium products which Estee Lauder can offer them. They like to try a variety of products, and even though they may brand hop, Estee Lauder knows they will come back due to their high quality products. Actualizers make the most money so Estee Lauder looks to them to buy their luxury line, ReNutriv, which can cost up to $1000 for an 8. 4 ounce jar of creme. The Actualizers also like technology, so the company tries to attract them by advertising the science behind their new formulas, such as the Chronolux Technology used in their Advanced Night Repair. Two Retail Target Markets that pertain to Estee Lauder’s target market are Classic and Update. Estee Lauder caters to the Classic Market’s needs by offering exceptional service at their sales counters in specialty stores. The salespeople are very knowledgeable and are willing to help customers find their perfect makeup match or skincare problem solver. The Classic Market also does not care whether or not a product is on sale, which is a reason why Estee Lauder rarely puts items on sale and is able to charge more money for products. The Update Market is more fashion forward group who want to keep up with trends. Estee Lauder advertises mainly in women’s fashion magazines in order to catch the attention of this market. Since the Update Market favors shopping in department stores, Estee Lauder puts their sales counters in stores like Macys, and Lord and Taylor. They also put their counters up in more upscale department stores, such as Bergdorf Goodman and Nordstrom. One of Estee Lauder’s competitors is Lancome, who is a part of the L’Oreal brand. Lancome offers similar products and services as Estee Lauder and at competing prices. Lancome even has an equivalent of Estee Lauder’s Advanced Night Repair which is called Genifique. Both companies advertise mainly in the same magazines, and therefore have the same target market. Lancome also has sales counters in the same department stores as Estee Lauder and the two are often located near each other. They also offer similar gift sets at reduced prices and have the same â€Å"free gift with purchase† sales promotions. Development of Creative Strategy: Estee Lauder’s advertisements in magazines are usually two pages or are on the second and fourth cover pages. In American magazines, the advertisements are all bleed ads and their backgrounds are very dark colors, usually a navy blue or black. For instance, the Double Wear Lipstick, Sensuous by Estee Lauder, and Double Wear Makeup SPF 10 ads all have a black background. All of the Advanced Night Repair advertisements have a navy blue background and also have a picture of a DNA ladder behind the photograph of the product. However, in the November 2009 issue of U. K Cosmo, the company’s advertisement for their Bold Volume Lifting Mascara has a golden yellow background. The product (Bold Volume Lifting Mascara) was also only advertised in the U. K issue. No other advertisements for the product could be found in an American magazine. The text on all of the makeup magazine ads is white. The headline, â€Å"Estee Lauder†, is always in all capital letters and is either on the very top or very bottom of the ad. The Double Wear Makeup ads always contain â€Å"Estee Lauder† (headline) on the bottom left page under the picture of the model. The text on the perfume ad for Sensuous was in purple, and was probably due to the fact that the shirt that the model was wearing was white. The headline of this ad was also in the middle of the page, which was very unusual compared to every other ad ran in this time frame. All the advertisements that contain a model seem to have the same one: a beautiful, skinny, pale-skinned, brunette with bright blue eyes and long, lightly wavy hair. This model is seen in every ad except for Advanced Night Repair. The model is always located on the left page. She may also be on the right page, but there will always be a picture of her on the left page as well. This is seen in the Double Wear Lipstick ad where the left page is mainly taken up by the model’s head and then the same model is also shown in profile which spans on to the right page. This same model also appears in email advertisements from the company and is also featured in the Virtual Makeup Tool on the Estee Lauder website. No matter when or where the product was advertised, the graphics remained the same. In the Advanced Night Repair ad, a large picture of the serum is splashed across the page. In the Double Wear Lipstick ad, five lipsticks in various shades are in the bottom right corner. In the Sensuous ad, the eye is first drawn to the model, who takes up the entire page. The perfume bottom is located in the bottom right corner and is not instantly noticeable. In the Bold Volume Lifting Mascara ad, there are four mascara tubes and one brush located in the bottom right corner. The Double Wear Makeup SPF-10 ad contains pictures of a compact filled with pressed powder, and two liquid foundations again located in the bottom right corner. The Double Wear Lipstick line ran three different ads during this time period. The three ads were exactly the same except the sub-headlines and amplifications were different. In the September and October ads, the sub-headline read â€Å"12-Hour Staying Power. New Double Wear Lipstick†. In the December advertisement, the sub-headline read, â€Å"Double the Wear, Double the Color. New Double Wear Lipstick†. There was only one difference between the amplification in the September and October advertisements. This difference was that only in October was the price of the lipstick shown. The amplification for it read, â€Å"$22. 00 suggested retail price†. The December ad’s amplification was completely different from the prior two, but still mentioned the same features, advantages, and benefits. All of these ads had the same action to take which was â€Å"shop now at esteelauder. com†. There is not much white space on these ads. The most noticeable white space would be on the back page of the Sensuous ad. The headline, Estee Lauder, is at the top in a large font. At the very bottom of the ad is a picture of the Sensuous gift box that takes up the bottom forty percent of the page. In the middle of this ad, the sub-headline, â€Å"Wrap her in warmth and luxury. Seductive Destination 82. 50, Worth over 120. 00†, is centered and there is a great deal of white space around it, which allows the eye to focus on it. The objectives of the ad campaigns were to be informative and persuasive. Because both the Advanced Night Repair and the Double Wear Lipstick were new products, Estee Lauder wanted to make sure people knew about them. These were the two products they pushed the most in this time frame. Both products’ ads had more text than some of their older products in order to explain their features more clearly. Advanced Night Repair’s ad dedicated most of its space to several paragraphs explaining how the serum fixes damage caused by the environment and a person’s genes. By being informative, Estee Lauder was able to teach people about their new products which then helped persuade them to buy them. They explained how they were the only people to have this new technology and how even scientists agree that their product works best. The execution style the ads used were slice of life, lifestyle, and scientific evidence. Slice of life is used in the Advanced Night Repair ad when it says â€Å"For every woman, every night†. The product is supposed to be used nightly to reduce the signs of aging, so they stick that phrase directly into the advertisement to let people know that this is a product used in everyday life. The Double Wear Makeup SPF- 10 ad also uses slice of life in their ads. They read â€Å"whether it’s a workday, a workout, or a weekend there’s a Double Wear formula to keep up with your active day† which also shows that this makeup is perfect for every day, no matter what may be on the customer’s agenda. Lifestyle is also seen throughout all of these ads. Sensuous speaks to a male audience and tells them to â€Å"Wrap her in warmth and luxury†. Estee Lauder tries to show that the perfume is meant to make a woman feel luxurious and special when she wears it, and that it will enhance her mood. The Double Wear Lipstick enhances a woman’s life by making her life a little easier by not having to worry about the staying power of her makeup. They say â€Å"glide it on once and don’t think twice†, showing women that there is no need for touchups with this lipstick. Advanced Night Repair boasts that their product reduces the signs of aging due to â€Å"past damage caused by every major environmental assault† and will help prevent future damage. Scientific Evidence is also seen in the Advanced Night Repair ad. The ad says right away that scientists believe that DNA damage ages our skin too fast and that this product contains twenty five years of â€Å"ground breaking DNA research† and the newly patented Chronolux Technology which helps reduce the effects of aging. They then say â€Å"its tomorrow’s technology- today†, trying to make the product seem futuristic and more technologically advanced than any other serum out on the market. Scientific Evidence is also seen in the Bold Volume Lifting Mascara advertisement. The ad talks about their exclusive â€Å"BrushComber† that â€Å"gives you all the thickening of a brush with the definition of a comb†. All of these ads contain at least one of these execution styles. These styles tie into the advertising objectives for informing and persuading consumers. The scientific evidence informs potential buyers of the new technology that only Estee Lauder has, while the lifestyle and slice of life execution styles try to persuade them to buy the products due to enhancements they will make in a customer’s everyday life. Media Analysis: The media vehicles that Estee Lauder used to advertise were the magazines, Elle, Cosmopolitan, Cosmopolitan U. K, Self, Vogue, Instyle, People, and Glamour. They were also featured on department store websites, such as Macys. com and Nordstrom. com. Estee Lauder also sent out promotional company emails every couple of days to people on their mailing list. The reach for Elle Magazine is 1,105,456 customers. Estee Lauder ran their Double Wear Lipstick ad which consisted of two full page, colored bleed ads. The asking price for a colored, one page bleed ad during December is $138,175. Because they used two pages, the total cost of the ad was $276,350. The CPM of this ad was $249. 99. Elle Magazine is issued monthly, giving the advertisement a one month shelf-life. Estee Lauder also needed to order space in the magazine to advertise at least two months in advance, giving their ad a long lead time. Elle also has a high clutter due to the large amount of advertisements it contains, making it harder for Estee Lauder to impact their customers. The reach for Cosmopolitan magazine is 2,907,436 customers. Estee Lauder ran their Sensuous by Estee Lauder ad and their Double Wear Lipstick ad in Cosmopolitan. The asking price for a one page color ad is $215,900. Both of Estee Lauder’s ads were bleed ads, which costs 15% more, making them, $248,285. Estee Lauder also used two pages for their ads, and added a scent sample (prices not listed for additional insert), making the total price $496,570 per ad. The CPM of each of these ads was $170. 79. Estee Lauder needed to pay for their advertisements at least one month in advance, giving their ad a lead time of one month or longer. Cosmopolitan is a magazine that is issued monthly, so the shelf-life is also one month. Cosmopolitan is also mainly comprised of advertisements, so the there is high clutter and low frequency The reach for Self magazine is 1,516,075 customers. Estee Lauder advertised their Double Wear Makeup SPF-10 on the second cover page and the third page of the magazine. The asking price for the second cover page is $200,123. The full color bleed ad on the third page cost $97,100. The total price for this advertisement was $297,223. The CPM of this ad was $196. 05. Self is published monthly, giving the ad a one month shelf life. There is high clutter due to the large amount of ads in the magazine. The reach for Vogue is 1,298,480 customers. Estee Lauder ran several different ads with this magazine. They used the fourth cover page in October 2009 for an Advanced Night Repair ad. The asking price for the fourth cover page was $188,922. The CPM for this ad was $145. 49. Estee Lauder also ran their Double Wear Lipstick ad and their Advanced Night Repair ad which were both two page, color, bleed ads, which cost $302,266. The CPM for these ads was $232. 8 each. Vogue is also issued monthly, giving the ad a one month shelf-life. Vogue, like Cosmopolitan, is also mainly comprised of advertisements, creating high clutter. The reach for Instyle magazine is 1,738,787 customers. Estee Lauder ran their Advanced Night Repair ad on their fourth cover page. The asking price for the fourth cover page was $201,800, making the CPM of this ad $116. 06. Instyle mag azine is published monthly, giving the advertisement a one month shelf-life and there is high clutter due to the large amount of advertisements within the magazine. The reach for People Magazine is 3,615,858 customers. Estee Lauder ran a one page color bleed ad in the September 28 issue. The cost for a one page color bleed ad was $266,780. The CPM for this ad was $73. 78. People is published weekly, giving the advertisement a shelf-life of one week. Estee Lauder had to send in their printing materials about twenty six days before the publish date, creating a lead time of about 26 days. The reach for Glamour magazine is 2,389,915 customers. Estee Lauder ran their Advanced Night Repair ad which was a two page colored bleed ad. The cost of a full page color bleed ad was $200,491. The total cost for this ad was $400,982, making the CPM for this ad $167. 78. Glamour is published monthly, giving the advertisement a shelf-life of one month. Estee Lauder had to send their ads in at least a month and a half before the publishing date, giving the advertisement a lead time of a month and a half or longer. Estee Lauder also sent out many promotional emails throughout the course of this time frame. These emails, however, were only for people who entered their names on a mailing list on the company’s website. There was no clutter in these emails as they were directly from the company and only pertained to their products. These emails were sent out every few days, giving them a shorter shelf-life than magazine ads. Estee Lauder actively used sales promotions to sell products. They often offered free gifts with purchases over a certain amount. For example, in September, Macy’s offered a free gift bag filled with makeup with any Estee Lauder purchase of $29. 50 or more. This gift was advertised by Estee Lauder in the September 28 issue of People Magazine. Within this gift bag was a deluxe sample of Advanced Night Repair and two Double Wear Lipsticks, which were popular products advertised by the company during this time period. Nordstrom also offered free gifts with any $39. 50 Estee Lauder purchase in October. Customers had a choice of four bags filled with goodies that either lifted, reduced, toned, or prevented aging. This gift bag was valued at $125. In their own promotional emails, Estee Lauder also advertised free shipping on their website with purchases over $50. They also gave three free samples of the customer’s choice with any purchase. During November, Estee Lauder had a free gift bag with purchase of $39. 50 that was also valued at $125. Customers were also able to choose their own skincare and makeup shades for their gift. Once this promotion was over, they moved on to their Color Spectacular Promotion. With any Estee Lauder fragrance purchase, customers were able to buy the Estee Lauder Color Spectacular Cosmetic Traveler for only $55. This Traveler contains twenty five shades of eye shadows and blushes, mascaras, eyeliners, lipsticks, brushes, a travel mirror, and two cases, making it worth over $340. This promotion started on November 16th on Estee Lauder’s website. The promotion started being offered at Macy’s on November 20th. This promotion is still currently in progress. Financial Overview: During the past three years, Estee Lauder’s total sales have risen by over one billion dollars. The total sales increased from $6,463,800,000 in 2006 to $7,910,800,000 in 2008. Their net income has also increased dramatically. Three years ago, their net income was $244,200,000. Last year, their net income rose to $473,800,000. Conclusion: No evidence of pre-testing or post-testing has been found in research for Estee Lauder. Estee Lauder has been working on both market penetration and production development. Their older skincare and makeup products have done extremely well in the past three years and their sales continue to grow at a steady rate. They have also introduced new skin care products as a part of their product development which will also have a dramatic effect on their sales. Although the United States and the Americas has continuously been the number one country in terms of sales, Estee Lauder has been focusing more on increasing their market shares in the Asia-Pacific region. This is due to the down turn in the economy that has been happening over the past two years in the United States. They hope in the future that this area will soon become the number one buyer for their products.